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This is a timeline of underwater technology. ==Pre-industrial== * Several centuries BC: ''(Relief carvings made at this time show Assyrian soldiers crossing rivers using inflated goatskin floats. Several modern authors have wrongly said that the floats were crude breathing sets and that they show frogmen in action.)'' * Ancient Roman and Greek times, etc.: There have been many instances of men swimming or diving for combat, but they always had to hold their breath, and had no diving equipment, except sometimes a hollow plant stem used as a snorkel. See (this link (in Portuguese) ). * About 500 BC: (Information originally from Herodotus): During a naval campaign the Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to attack a Greek flotilla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes's fleet, cutting each ship loose from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved. Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off Cape Artemisium. * The use of diving bells is recorded by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC: "...they enable the divers to respire equally well by letting down a cauldron, for this does not fill with water, but retains the air, for it is forced straight down into the water."〔Arthur J. Bachrach, "History of the Diving Bell", ''Historical Diving Times'', Iss. 21 (Spring 1998)〕 * 1300 or earlier: Persian divers were using diving goggles with windows made of the polished outer layer of tortoiseshell. * 15th century: Leonardo da Vinci made the first known mention of air tanks in Italy: he wrote in his Atlantic Codex (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems were used at that time to artificially breathe under water, but he did not explain them in detail due to what he described as ''"bad human nature"'', that would have taken advantage of this technique to sink ships and even commit murders. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connections. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of mask with a box for air. The project was so detailed that it included a urine collector, too. * 1531: Guglielmo de Lorena dives on two of Caligula's sunken galleys using a diving bell from a design by Leonardo da Vinci. * 1616: Franz Kessler built an improved diving bell. * Around 1620: Cornelius Drebbel may have made a crude rebreather: see Rebreather#History of rebreathers.〔 * 1650: Otto von Guericke built the first air pump.〔 * 1715: the ''chevalier'' (sir) Pierre Rémy de Beauve, a French aristocrat who serves as ''garde de la marine'' in Brest, builds one of the oldest known diving dresses. De Beauve's dress was equipped with a metal helmet and two hoses, one of them air-supplied from the surface by a bellows and the other one for evacuation of the exhaled air.〔(De Beauve's diving dress mentioned (in English) in the ''Musée du Scaphandre'' website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France) )〕〔(de Beauve's diving dress dedicated page (in French) in the ''Musée du Scaphandre'' website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France) )〕 * * the Englishman John Lethbridge, a wool merchant, invents a diving barrel and successfully salvages valuables from wrecks. * 1772: the first diving dress using a compressed-air reservoir is successfully designed and built in 1772 by ''Sieur'' (old French for "sir" or "Mister") Fréminet, a Frenchman from Paris. Fréminet conceived an autonomous breathing machine equipped with a helmet, two hoses for inhalation and exhalation, a suite and a reservoir, dragged by and behind the diver,〔(Fréminet's invention mentioned in the ''Musée du Scaphandre'' website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France) )〕 although Fréminet later put it on his back.〔Alain Perrier, ''250 réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux'', Éditions du Gerfaut, Paris, 2008, ISBN 978-2-35191-033-7 (p.46, in French)〕 Fréminet called his invention ''machine hydrostatergatique'' and used it successfully for more than ten years in the harbours of Le Havre and Brest, as states the explaining text of a 1784 painting.〔French explorer and inventor Jacques-Yves Cousteau mentions Fréminet's invention and shows this 1784 painting in his 1955 documentary ''Le Monde du silence''.〕〔In 1784 Fréminet sent six copies of a treatise about his ''machine hydrostatergatique'' to the chamber of Guienne (nowadays called Guyenne). On April 5, 1784, the archives of the Chamber of Guienne (Chambre de Commerce de Guienne) officially recorded: ''Au sr Freminet, qui a adressé à la Chambre six exemplaires d'un précis sur une « machine hydrostatergatique » de son invention, destinée à servir en cas de naufrage ou de voie d'eau déclarée''.〕 * 1774: John Day becomes the first person known to have died in a submarine accident while testing a "diving chamber" in Plymouth Sound. * 1776: David Bushnell invented the ''Turtle'', first submarine to attack another ship. It was used in the American Revolution. * 1797: Karl Heinrich Klingert designs a full diving dress in 1797. This design consists of a large metal helmet and similarly large metal belt connected by leather jacket and pants. * 1798: in June F. W. Joachim, employed by Klingert, successfully completes the first practical tests of Klingert's armor. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of diving technology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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